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In their revised Recommendations the ICRP (2007) recognised that there was a need to provide advice on exposure of non-human species to ionising radiation. The ICRP intends to develop a framework to assess the relationships between exposure and dose, and between dose and effect, and the consequences of such effects, for non-human species, on a common scientific basis (see also ICRP Publication 91).

ICRP Committee 5 is concerned with radiological protection of the environment and have published the intial elements of theinitial elements of the framework in ICRP Publication 108: Environmental protection: the concept and use of reference animals and plants (often referred to as the 'RAP report').

The ICRPs aim is to develop an approach that is both compatible with 'other approaches being made
to protect the environment from all other human impacts, particularly those arising from similar
human activities' and also the present system for human radiological protection. The intended
approach is stated as being developed to provide 'high level' guidance for demonstration of
compliance corresponding with existing/emerging national and international legislation and serve as a
basis from which national and other bodies could develop, as necessary, more applied and specific
numerical approaches to the assessment and management of risks to non-human species. The
implication is that the ICRP approach is not meant to be a replacement for other methods, but rather
should be seen as an encompassing system which other approaches can use as a basis and point of
reference when performing their own bespoke analyses. Other approaches described in this report might be considered as examples of the 'more applied and specific numerical approaches' that the
ICRP refer to. Whereas such approaches often employ the use of multi-tiered systems, this is not
reflected in the structural form of the ICRP approach.

The ICRP have opted to use a similar approach to Reference Man for the environment, proposing a set
of 12 Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs). The list of RAPs is significantly smaller than the
corresponding reference organism suites used in the ERICA and the EA R&128 approaches (RAP list). However,
the ICRP approach places more emphasis on life stages than the other methodologies considered, with
the draft report ICRP-108 presenting DCC values for a number of life-stages for some of the RAPs. The RAPs
are suggested as 'points of reference' for drawing comparisons with sets of information on other
organisms. It is acknowledged that the RAPs may not be the direct objects of protection per se and that
it may be necessary to establish a 'secondary set of Reference Organisms for a specific purpose or
geographical area'.
Since there are no internationally accepted 'rules' on classification above Family (or 'Super Family')
level, the ICRP have suggested that this constitutes the most suitable level of generalisation. A RAP is
defined as: 'a hypothetical entity, with the assumed basic biological characteristics of a particular
type of animal or plant, as described to the generality of the taxonomic level of Family, with defined
anatomical, physiological, and life-history properties, that can be used for the purposes of relating
exposure to dose, and dose to effects, for that type of living organism.' The RAPs are defined in more
specific terms than are reference organism in approaches such as ERICA and EA R&D128.

The RAP report presents dose conversion coefficients for each of the RAP geometries which have been estimated using the methodology developed for the ERICA Tool. A large component of the ICRP report comprises a review of radiation effects data for nonhuman species. This is used to suggest a 'derived consideration reference level' (DCRL) for each RAP. The DCRLs are described as a band of dose rate within which there is likely to be some chance of deleterious effects of ionising radiation occurring to individuals of that type of Reference Animal or Plant, derived from a knowledge of defined expected biological effects for that type of organism that, when considered together with other relevant information, can be used as a point of reference to optimise the level of effort expended on environmental protection, dependent upon the overall management objectives and the exposure situation.

A report by an ICRP Committee 5 task group presenting transfer parameters for RAPs has now been published .D 128 (note other
approaches may define objects of protection at the level of species); at the moment it is unclear
whether this more specific definition is an advantage or not. It is stated that RAPs are not: meant to
serve as 'sentinel' organisms; organisms which the Commission suggest should be particularly